编译技术1-2

The History of Programming Languages and Compilers 编程语言与编译器的历史

1. Early Computing: From Nothing to Machine Code 早期计算：从无到机器码 • First, there was nothing. (最初，什么都没有。)

• Then, there was machine code. (随后，出现了机器码。)

• Programs were written in binary/hexadecimal (程序用二进制/十六进制编写).

• Example: C7 06 0000 0002 (MOV x, 2 in machine code).

• Then, assembly languages emerged. (接着，汇编语言出现。)

• Example: MOV x, 2 (more readable than machine code).

• Problem: Programming was expensive (编程成本高昂).

• 50% of computer costs went into programming (50%的计算机成本用于编程).

2. The Birth of High-Level Languages 高级语言的诞生 (1) Early Programming Methods (早期编程方式) • Hard-wired programs (硬接线程序):

• Analytical Engine (分析机), ENIAC (电子数字积分计算机) used electro-mechanical switches (机电开关).

• Punched-card systems (打孔卡系统):

• Programs encoded as numbers (machine language) stored on cards.

• Example: Manchester Mark I, EDSAC (早期计算机).

(2) The First Compiler (第一个编译器) • 1952: Grace Hopper developed the first compiler (A-0 System).

• "Nobody believed that... computers could only do arithmetic."

1	◦ “没人相信……计算机只能做算术。”

• Initially, all programming was done in assembly (最初所有编程都用汇编).

• Problem: Software costs exceeded hardware costs!

• 软件成本超过了硬件成本！

3. FORTRAN I: The First Successful Compiler FORTRAN I：第一个成功的编译器 • Developed by John Backus (IBM, 1954-1957).

• Goal: Translate high-level code (e.g., x = 2) to assembly.

• 许多人认为这不可能。

• Impact of FORTRAN I (FORTRAN I的影响)

• By 1958, >50% of all software was written in FORTRAN.

• Reduced development time from 2 weeks → 2 hours.

• Produced code almost as efficient as hand-written assembly.

• Huge influence on modern compilers.

1	◦ 现代编译器仍保留FORTRAN I的基本结构。

4. The 1960s: Language Explosion 1960年代：语言大爆发

Language	Contribution	Influence Today
APL	Array-based programming	Influenced MATLAB, NumPy
SNOBOL	String manipulation	Inspired Perl, Python
Simula 67	First object-oriented language	Basis for C++, Java
Algol 68	Combined FORTRAN, COBOL, pointers	Influenced C, but deemed too complex

1968: The "Software Crisis" (软件危机) • Problem: Languages were too complex (语言过于复杂).

• Solution: Simpler languages like Pascal, C.

5. The 1970s: Methodology & New Paradigms 1970年代：方法论与新范式 • Emphasis on structured/modular programming (结构化/模块化编程).

• Example: Pascal (Niklaus Wirth).

• Mid-1970s: Prolog (逻辑编程).

• Declarative programming (声明式编程).

• Late 1970s: Ada (U.S. DoD)

• Replaced >500 military languages.

6. 1980s-Present: Rise & Fall of Complexity 1980年代至今：复杂性的起伏

Key Takeaways (关键结论)

Summary Timeline (历史时间线)

Year	Milestone
1952	Grace Hopper’s first compiler
1957	FORTRAN I (Backus)
1967	Simula 67 (OOP)
1970	Pascal (structured programming)
1983	C++ (Stroustrup)
1995	Java (simplified C++)
2000s	Python, JavaScript (scripting dominance)