计算机网络2009B

填空题


1. MAC to EUI-64 Conversion
Question:
The MAC Address of a host is 00-01-4A-83-72-1C, and its EUI-64 address is _______________________.
Answer:
0201:4AFF:FE83:721C

Explanation:
1. Insert FFFE: Split MAC 00-01-4A-83-72-1C into 00-01-4A and 83-72-1C, insert FFFE00014A + FFFE + 83721C.
2. Flip U/L bit: Change the first byte 00 (binary 00000000) to 02 (00000010).
3. Format: Convert to IPv6 notation: 0201:4AFF:FE83:721C.

中文解释:
1. 插入FFFE:将MAC地址00-01-4A-83-72-1C拆分为00-01-4A83-72-1C,中间插入FFFE
2. 反转U/L位:首字节00(二进制00000000)改为0200000010)。
3. 格式化:转换为IPv6地址0201:4AFF:FE83:721C


2. Ethernet Collision Control
Question:
In order to reduce collision, Ethernet adopts ________________ media access control (MAC) technology.
Answer:
CSMA/CD

Explanation:
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection):

• Devices listen before transmitting (Carrier Sense).

• If a collision is detected, they stop and retry after a random delay.

中文解释:
• CSMA/CD(载波监听多路访问/冲突检测):

• 设备发送前监听信道是否空闲(载波监听)。

• 若检测到冲突,立即停止并随机延迟后重试。


3. Cat5 UTP Transmission Distance
Question:
Category 5 UTP can transmit data to _________ meters away.
Answer:
100

Explanation:
• Maximum distance for Cat5/5e/6 UTP is 100 meters due to signal attenuation.

中文解释:
• 超5类(Cat5e)和6类(Cat6)UTP的最大传输距离为100米(信号衰减限制)。


4. Bridge Operation Principle
Question:
The work principle of Bridge is ____________________________________.
Answer:
flooding, learning, forwarding, filtering

Explanation:
1. Learning: Records source MAC addresses and ports.
2. Flooding: Broadcasts frames if destination MAC is unknown.
3. Forwarding: Sends frames to the correct port based on MAC table.
4. Filtering: Drops frames within the same LAN segment.

中文解释:
1. 学习:记录源MAC地址与端口的映射。
2. 泛洪:若目的MAC未知,向所有端口广播。
3. 转发:根据MAC表发送到目标端口。
4. 过滤:不转发同一网段内的帧。


5. Video Formats
Question:
List three video formats you known __________, __________, __________.
Answer:
MP4, AVI, MOV (or other valid formats)

Explanation:
• Common formats: MP4 (H.264), AVI (uncompressed), MOV (Apple), MKV (container).

中文解释:
• 常见格式:MP4(H.264编码)、AVI(未压缩)、MOV(Apple)、MKV(封装格式)。


6. WWW Components
Question:
World Wide Web (WWW) is composed of _______________, _______________, _______________.
Answer:
Resource (HTML), URL, HTTP

Explanation:
1. Resource: Web content (e.g., HTML/CSS/JS files).
2. URL: Uniform Resource Locator (e.g., https://example.com).
3. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (for client-server communication).

中文解释:
1. 资源:网页内容(如HTML/CSS/JS文件)。
2. URL:统一资源定位符(如https://example.com)。
3. HTTP:超文本传输协议(用于通信)。


7. Dynamic IP Assignment Methods
Question:
List three dynamic assignment methods of IP address: __________, __________, __________.
Answer:
DHCP, RARP, BOOTP

Explanation:
1. DHCP (主流): Dynamically assigns IP, subnet mask, gateway, etc.
2. RARP: Maps MAC to IP (obsolete, replaced by DHCP).
3. BOOTP: Predecessor to DHCP (limited functionality).

中文解释:
1. DHCP:动态分配IP、子网掩码、网关等。
2. RARP:通过MAC地址获取IP(已淘汰)。
3. BOOTP:DHCP的前身。


8. IPv6 Unique Header Field
Question:
IPv6 packet header has a field which IPv4 does not have, the field is ______________.
Answer:
Flow Label

Explanation:
• Flow Label: Identifies packets in the same flow (e.g., video stream) for QoS prioritization.

• IPv4 relies on ToS (Type of Service), which is less flexible.

中文解释:
• 流标签:标识同一流量的分组(如视频流),支持服务质量(QoS)优先级处理。

• IPv4依赖服务类型(ToS)字段,功能较弱。


Summary Table
| Q# | English Answer | 中文答案 | Key Concept | | ---- | --------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------ | | 1 | 0201:4AFF:FE83:721C | 0201:4AFF:FE83:721C | MAC转EUI-64规则 | | 2 | CSMA/CD | CSMA/CD | 以太网冲突控制机制 | | 3 | 100 | 100 | 5类UTP传输距离限制 | | 4 | flooding... | 泛洪、学习... | 网桥四大功能 | | 5 | MP4, AVI, MOV | MP4、AVI、MOV | 常见视频格式 | | 6 | Resource, URL, HTTP | 资源、URL、HTTP | WWW三大组成部分 | | 7 | DHCP, RARP, BOOTP | DHCP、RARP、BOOTP | 动态IP分配协议 | | 8 | Flow Label | 流标签 | IPv6特有字段 |

判断题


1. In OSI reference model, the top layer is physical layer.
在OSI参考模型中,最上层是物理层。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
• The top layer of OSI is the Application Layer (Layer 7), while the bottom layer is the Physical Layer (Layer 1).

• Correct order (top to bottom): Application → Presentation → Session → Transport → Network → Data Link → Physical.

• 错误点:物理层是最底层,而非最上层。


2. The basic unit of bandwidth is bps, and the basic unit of throughput is Mbps.
带宽的基本单位是bps,吞吐量的基本单位是Mbps。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
• Both bandwidth (理论最大速率) and throughput (实际有效速率) use bps (bits per second) as their basic unit.

• Key difference:

• Bandwidth: Theoretical maximum (e.g., 100 Mbps).

• Throughput: Actual data transfer rate (often lower due to overhead/congestion).

• 错误点:吞吐量的单位也是bps,而非必须是Mbps。


3. In IPv4 address 193.168.125.0/30, meaning of 30 is host bits number.
在IPv4地址193.168.125.0/30中,30表示主机位的数量。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
/30 indicates the network prefix length (30 bits), leaving 2 bits for hosts (\(32-30=2\)).

• Usable hosts: \(2^2 - 2 = 2\) (subtracting network and broadcast addresses).

• 错误点:30是网络前缀位数,而非主机位数(主机位=32-30=2位)。


4. In TCP segment header, window size is decided by sender.
在TCP段头中,窗口大小由发送方决定。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
• Window size is advertised by the receiver via ACK packets, indicating its available buffer space.

• The sender must adjust its transmission rate based on this value (flow control).

• 错误点:窗口大小由接收方通过ACK报文动态通知发送方。


5. CHAP authentication in PPP is more secure than PAP authentication.
PPP协议中,CHAP认证比PAP更安全。

Answer: √
Explanation:
• PAP: Passwords sent in plaintext, vulnerable to eavesdropping.

• CHAP: Uses challenge-response with cryptographic hashing, preventing replay attacks.

• 正确性:CHAP通过挑战-响应和哈希加密更安全。


6. DNS is a hierarchical, domain-based naming scheme and a distributed database system for implementing this naming scheme.
DNS是一种层次化的、基于域名的命名方案,也是实现该方案的分布式数据库系统。

Answer: √
Explanation:
• DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g., example.com) to IP addresses.

• Hierarchy: Root → TLD (e.g., .com) → Domain → Subdomain.

• Distributed: Data is decentralized across multiple DNS servers.

• 正确性:描述完全符合DNS的设计原理。


7. BGP is a distance vector routing protocol, but it has no routing-loop problem.
BGP是一种距离矢量路由协议,但没有路由环路问题。

Answer: √
Explanation:
• BGP is a path-vector protocol (enhanced distance vector):

• Uses AS-Path attribute to record traversed Autonomous Systems (ASes).

• Rejects routes containing its own AS number, preventing loops.

• 正确性:BGP通过AS-Path属性避免环路,传统距离矢量协议(如RIP)则可能产生环路。


8. The field number of basic header of IPv6 packet is much more than that of IPv4 packet header.
IPv6基础头部字段数量比IPv4头部多得多。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
• IPv6 header: Fixed 40 bytes with 8 fields (simplified for efficiency).

• IPv4 header: Minimum 20 bytes (with optional fields extending it).

• 错误点:IPv6头部更精简(字段更少),扩展功能通过扩展头实现。


9. Light through fiber has no attenuation, so data can be transmitted far away.
光纤中的光没有衰减,因此数据可以传输得很远。

Answer: ×
Explanation:
• Fiber optics still experience attenuation due to:

• Material absorption.

• Bending losses.

• Repeaters/amplifiers are needed for long-distance transmission (e.g., undersea cables).

• 错误点:光纤存在衰减,需中继器延长传输距离。


10. Go-back-n is less effective than selective-repeat in channel utilization.
回退n帧协议在信道利用率上不如选择性重传高效。

Answer: √
Explanation:
• Go-Back-N: Retransmits all packets after the lost one, wasting bandwidth.

• Selective Repeat: Retransmits only the lost packet, maximizing efficiency.

• 正确性:选择性重传仅重传错误帧,效率更高。


总结 (Summary)
| 题号 | 答案 | 关键点 (Key Points) | | ---- | ---- | ------------------------------- | | 1 | × | OSI顶层是应用层(非物理层) | | 2 | × | 带宽和吞吐量单位均为bps | | 3 | × | /30表示网络前缀位数(主机位=2) | | 4 | × | TCP窗口大小由接收方决定 | | 5 | √ | CHAP比PAP更安全 | | 6 | √ | DNS是层次化分布式系统 | | 7 | √ | BGP通过AS-Path防环 | | 8 | × | IPv6头部字段更少(更精简) | | 9 | × | 光纤有衰减,需中继 | | 10 | √ | 选择性重传效率更高 |

注:
• 物理层(Physical Layer)负责比特流传输,应用层(Application Layer)直接面向用户。

• BGP的防环机制是互联网稳定性的关键。

• 光纤的典型传输距离:单模光纤可达数十至上百公里(依赖波长和光功率)。

选择题


1. PSTN的组成部分 (PSTN Components)
问题:公共交换电话网(PSTN)由哪些部分组成?
选项:
A. 本地回路、中继线、长途干线
B. 电话、中心局
C. 本地回路、端局、中心局
D. 电话、端局、干线
答案:A
解释:
• PSTN核心三要素:

  1. 本地回路 (Local Loop):用户到端局的线路(双绞线)。
  2. 中继线 (Toll Connecting Trunk):连接端局和长途中心。
  3. 长途干线 (Intertoll Trunk):跨区域的高容量线路。
    • 排除法:B/D缺少干线,C的"端局"和"中心局"属于交换局的具体分类。

English:
• Correct Answer: A

• Key Points: PSTN consists of local loop (user to end office), toll connecting trunk (end office to central office), and intertoll trunk (long-distance links).


2. 电话系统的时间基准 (Telephone System Timing)
问题:现代电话系统的核心是什么?所有时间间隔是多少微秒的倍数?
选项:
A. Codec/4000
B. PCM/4000
C. PCM/8000
D. PCM/125
答案:D
解释:
• PCM (脉冲编码调制) 是数字电话的核心技术。

• 采样间隔:8 kHz采样率 → 每帧间隔 = 1/8000秒 = 125 μsec。

English:
• Correct Answer: D

• Explanation: PCM sampling rate is 8 kHz, so time intervals are multiples of 125 μsec.


3. RFC的性质 (RFC Characteristics)
问题:关于RFC (Request For Comments),哪项正确?
选项:
A. 是互联网标准
B. 是在线技术报告,任何人都可获取
C. 是建议标准
D. 仅是标准草案
答案:B
解释:
• RFC 是互联网技术文档的统称,包含标准、实验报告等,完全公开。

• 只有部分RFC成为标准(如RFC 791是IPv4标准)。

English:
• Correct Answer: B

• Note: RFCs are open technical documents, not all are standards.


4. RIP的度量标准 (RIP Metric)
问题:RIP协议的度量标准是什么?
选项:
A. 跳数
B. 带宽
C. 负载
D. 延迟
答案:A
解释:
• RIP 使用跳数 (Hop Count) 作为唯一度量,最大15跳。

English:
• Correct Answer: A

• RIP特性: Uses only hop count (max 15).


5. 增大冲突域的设备 (Device Extending Collision Domain)
问题:哪种设备会增大冲突域?
选项:
A. 路由器
B. 集线器
C. 网桥
D. 交换机
答案:B
解释:
• 集线器 (Hub) 所有端口共享带宽,扩大冲突域。

• 交换机/网桥隔离冲突域,路由器隔离广播域。

English:
• Correct Answer: B

• Why: Hub operates at Layer 1 and forwards signals to all ports.


6. 本地广播地址 (Local Broadcast Address)
问题:哪个IP是本地广播地址?
选项:
A. 127.255.255.255
B. 255.255.255.255
C. 164.0.0.0
D. 127.0.0.0
答案:B
解释:
• 255.255.255.255 是本地广播地址,发送到当前子网所有主机。

• 127.x.x.x是环回地址。

English:
• Correct Answer: B

• Usage: 255.255.255.255 sends to all hosts in the local subnet.


7. D类地址的默认子网掩码 (Default Subnet Mask for Class D)
问题:D类地址的默认子网掩码是?
选项:
A. 255.0.0.0
B. 255.255.0.0
C. 255.255.255.0
D. None
答案:D
解释:
• D类地址 (224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255) 用于组播,无子网掩码。

English:
• Correct Answer: D

• Reason: Class D is for multicast, no subnet mask needed.


8. 合法IP地址 (Legal IP Address)
问题:哪个IP地址是合法的?
选项:
A. 1.255.255.2
B. 127.2.3.5
C. 225.23.200.9
D. 192.240.150.255
答案:D
解释:
• 合法规则:每字节范围0~255,排除全0/全1地址。

• D选项192.240.150.255是C类广播地址(若掩码为/24),但仍合法。

English:
• Correct Answer: D

• Note: 192.240.150.255 is a valid broadcast address.


9. 非法IP地址 (Invalid IP with Subnet Mask 255.255.240.0)
问题:子网掩码为255.255.240.0时,哪个IP非法?
选项:
A. 143.49.37.2
B. 143.49.16.2
C. 143.49.8.12
D. 143.49.49.15
答案:C
解释:
• 掩码255.255.240.0 → 网络位20位,主机位12位。

• 网络地址:143.49.32.0(因240=11110000,第3字节低4位为主机位)。

• C选项143.49.8.12的第3字节=8(00001000),与网络地址143.49.32.0不匹配。

English:
• Correct Answer: C

• Why: 8 in the 3rd octet is outside the network range (32-47).

主机部分不可以全为0!


10. OSPF的度量标准 (OSPF Metric)
问题:OSPF的度量标准是什么?
选项:
A. 跳数
B. 带宽
C. 负载
D. 延迟
答案:B
解释:
• OSPF Cost = 参考带宽 / 实际带宽(默认参考带宽100 Mbps)。

English:
• Correct Answer: B

• Formula: Cost = Reference Bandwidth (100Mbps) / Link Bandwidth.


总结 (Summary Table)
| Q# | 正确答案 | 核心要点 | | ---- | -------- | -------------------------------------- | | 1 | A | PSTN三要素:本地回路、中继线、长途干线 | | 2 | D | PCM采样间隔=125 μsec | | 3 | B | RFC是公开技术文档 | | 4 | A | RIP仅用跳数作为度量 | | 5 | B | 集线器扩大冲突域 | | 6 | B | 本地广播地址=255.255.255.255 | | 7 | D | D类地址无子网掩码 | | 8 | D | 192.240.150.255是合法广播地址 | | 9 | C | 143.49.8.12与掩码255.255.240.0冲突 | | 10 | B | OSPF根据带宽计算Cost |

注:
• 冲突域与广播域的区别是网络分层设计的核心概念。

• OSPF的Cost值越小,路径优先级越高(与带宽成反比)。